Thursday, May 1, 2014

Literature Review Blog #5

(1) Visual



(2) Citation

Moser, Austin, and Miller, John J. "Mismanaging Concussions in Intercollegiate Football." Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance 85.2 (2014): 38-40. Taylor and Francis Online. Web. 28 Apr. 2014. <http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07303084.2014.866831#.U16_z_ldWSo>.
(3) Summary

Another law review of the 2011 court cases, giving risk management tips for issues moving forward as well as a conclusion on what the decision of this case would mean for the future.  It helped lay the foundation for the unionization attempt taking place.

(4) Authors

Austin Moser and John Miller are lawyers that yet again conducted review of an ongoing case to question the facts and analyze the potential outcomes, and the effect it would have on the college athletic community.

(5)  Key Terms

Concussion management
Negligence--Legal definition
Risk Management Tips

(6) Quotes

Four elements of Negligence:  "1.  duty, 2. breach of that duty, 3. proximate cause, 4. damage" (38)

"A duty is a special relationship between two or more parties that may be created by statute, contract or common law." (38)  

"students, coaches, parents, and administrators should all be educated on the symptoms and consequences of concussions and other traumatic brain injuries that intercollegiate athletes may incur in any sport.

(7) Value

The NCAA and member institutions must meet there duty to the student athlete, which will begin to rapidly expand without fast and smart public relations moves that can give athletes rights and preserve the current system to the likeness of the Universities without unions.

Literature Review Blog #4


(1) Visual

(2) Citation

Rivera, Angel G. "The Big Hit: NCAA Concussions Policy a Nightmare for Student-Athlete." Health Law Perspectives March (2013): n. pag.University of Houston Law Center. Web. 28 Apr. 2014. <http://www.law.uh.edu/healthlaw/perspectives/2013/Rivera_The%20Big%20Hit_NCAA%20Concussions%20Policy%20a%20Nightmare%20for%20Student-Athletes.pdf>.

(3) Summary

This article describes the court case of 2011 of four student athletes with the NCAA. It found the NCAA guilty of negligence but not responsible. The individual institutions hold responsibility of medical coverages due to the insurance policies.

(4)  Author

Angel Gustavo Rivera is a lawyer, and a member of the Houston Law Center. This is aw review of the 2011 court cases that discusses defense and the conclusions reached in the court cases.

(5) Key Terms

Concussion Policy
Negligence
NCAA concussion Management Plan Legislation

(6) Quotes

"The guideline reject any measure of responsibility for the NCAA, its member schools,
and the coaching staff or individual teams and, instead puts the burden on the shoulders of
student-athletes who have just sustained fresh head trauma to not just seek out medical attention,
but decide whether to seek it in the first place." (5)

"A 2011 lawsuit against the NCAA argued that the NCAA acted with “negligence and inaction with respect to concussions and concussion related maladies sustained by its student-athletes all the while profiting immensely from those same student-athletes.” (3)

"It is unrealistic to expect athletes to monitor their own injuries particularly involving
concussions.17 For athletes, quitting is not an option, and without institutional oversight this
stubborn mentality could be fatal. Concussions can be difficult to identify at the onset and may
go unrecognized, which places individuals at risk for future and more complicated injury. Most
of student-athletes evade and hide their head related symptoms generating a lack of report of
previous injuries that may lead to an unknown number of concussions for individuals and adds to
the complexity of the return-to-play decision.18 For this reason, subsection (a) needs to ensure
that student-athletes, coaches, team physicians, trainers, athletic directors and officials are
included in the education of concussions before a season starts." (6)

(7)Value

This case applied serious pressure on the NCAA. It made the issues more visible and laid foundation for current events to take place.  Analyzing this case will help me see the negligence the NCAA showed, and how a school can do the opposite to gain respect. The NCAA can invest more money into this important issue.


Literature Review Blog #3

(1) Visual


(2) Citation

Rishe, Patrick James. "A Reexamination of How Athletic Success Impacts Graduation Rates: Comparing Student-Athletes to All Other Undergraduates." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 62 (): 407-427. Print.


(3) Summary

Measures Graduation rates with a variable of athletic success against all groups of undergraduates including athletes and non-athletes and how they affect one another.

(4) Author
Dr. Rishe is in the midst of his 8th year at Webster University in St. Louis.  Additionally, he is the founder and director of Sportsimpacts.com, a sports consulting firm that specializes in sports marketing research and economic impact studies for sporting events, as well as valuation analyses and litigation support.  Dr. Rishe also teaches courses in the business of sports, a course that covers topics related to sports economics, sports finance, and sports marketing.
Since founding his consulting practice in October 2000, Dr. Rishe has conducted over 50 different studies with organizations ranging from local sports commissions and convention and visitor bureaus, city councils, pro sports teams, college athletic departments, and event rights holders. SOURCE

(5)  Key Terms

Athletic Success
Graduation rates
Student-athletes
undergraduates

(6)  Quotes

"...athletic success served as an important marketing tool for universities, in that it attracted students with higher SAT scores." (407)

"This graduation gap in favor of athletes would be greater if not for the increasing phenomenon of college athletes in football and basketball leaving school early to play professionally." (409)

"The results in Table 2 show a strong correlation between high school preparation for college (as provided by SAT scores) and graduation rates.  The athletes that  participate in football and men's basketball come to college less prepared to succeed in their academic pursuits, and this partially explains why there rates are so much lower."

(7) Value

Mostly this third quote proves that they are not worthy of attending schools if not for the skill they provide that generates visibility and money.  The students deserve further compensation.



A re-examination of How Athletic Success Impacts Graduation Rates

Literature Review Blog #2

(1) Visual

(2) Citation

Potter, Ian R., "Investigating academic motivation among NCAA division I football players within their competition and non-competition semesters." (2013). Electronic Theses & Dissertations. Paper 868. http://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/868

(3) Summary

Investigating academic motivation among NCAA division I football players within their competition and non-competition semesters saw that students lack motivation during competition seasons.  There is a need to focus on male revenue sport athletes who are graduating at low rates.  Race/ethnicity, athletic standing and scholarship type also brought out different levels of academic motivation among the football players.

(4) Author

Ian R. Potter

"Dr. Ian R. Potter joins Georgia Gwinnett College from Augusta State University, where for the past four years he has served as assistant director for compliance and academics. In that role, he was responsible for developing and maintaining operating procedures and administrative systems to certify institutional athletics compliance. Potter holds a bachelor's in communication studies and master's in counselor education from Clemson University. He completed his education specialist degree in educational leadership in 2010 and is currently working toward obtaining a doctorate of education in higher education administration from Georgia Southern University." Source

(5) Key Terms

Academic motivation-multitude of variables, Academic Performance - gpa, Competition semester-during sports, Non-competition semester-off season of sport, student athlete scholarship athlete, revenue producing sports-football and basketball.

(6) Quotes

"The data analyzing academic motivation and scholarship type indicated a significant difference in academic motivation among non-scholarship football players who indicated to have higher levels of academic motivation within the competition semester compared to non--competition semester.  scholarship football players indicated higher levels of academic motivation within non-competition semester when compared with the competition semester." (144)

"Results from the study will help to provide more information to campus leaders and athletic departments administrators in order to develop, implement, and better time more motivational programs for NCAA Division I football players." (144)

"For sophomores and juniors specifically, data revealed their academic to be higher during their non-competition semester." (144)

(7) Value

This information is valuable to my research question because i am measuring what colleges are doing to ensure that these are students first and athletes second.  If motivation is consistently decreased during revenue sports, than it shows they are spending more time on the craft as opposed to their academic needs.  and the fact that this trend is exacerbated for athletes in revenue sports creates the argument that they are in line for compensation and equity.

Research Blog #10: Final Abstract, Bibliography, and Link to Your Paper

Final Abstract: Academic Institutions across the country are competing to gain students admissions in today’s privatized society by displaying what makes them desirable. Every aspect of a university’s community is something that can change a student's’ decision to enroll in that institution.  Universities’ Public Relations Department need to make themselves desirable to a vast spectrum of students by investing in ways to expand their brand and grow their communities. They are targeting younger ages to make their decision to attend an institution of higher learning synonymous with an affinity to attend their university by showcasing their attributes.  Giving people of younger ages the opportunity to interact with the university can offer them insight into the culture of the university and attract them from an early period in their life.  Simultaneously, younger students are also recognizing the necessity to graduate from college in order to advance their lives in today’s privatized society.  One popular method of privatized competition for the admissions of high school students and community outreach is to build a strong athletic program, mostly driven by football. Successful seasons, defined by winning percentage and championship seasons for Division I basketball and football, are positively correlated with increases in both undergraduate SAT scores and undergraduate applications (Toma Cross and 1998). Rutgers University saw positive results in undergraduate applications following their football teams improving visibility within the past decade.  Universities inherit financial gain and public visibility through athletic programs, and their Public Relations teams must be ready to combat the desire for equity and the impending unionization efforts of their current “student-athletes”. The “student-athletes” on a Division I team receive compensation through the form of a scholarship in exchange for participating with their respective athletic teams.  This reason, chief among many, has led to the retaliatory unionization attempt pending a players’ vote, from Northwestern Football Team.  The National Labor Relations Board ruled that “student-athletes” are to be considered employees, allowing them to unionize in search of greater equity in the NCAA. By understanding the core desires of the union and attempting to analyze them by looking at relative examples from Rutgers University and others,  I can develop possibilities that institutions have to handle this situation from a Public Relations perspective.

Bibliography
Armstrong, Elizabeth A., and Laura T. Hamilton. "Introduction." Paying for the party: how college maintains inequality. Cambridge, Mass. and London, England: Harvard University Press, 2013. . Print.
Cross, Michael E., and Toma, J. D. . "INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS AND STUDENT COLLEGE CHOICE: Exploring the Impact of Championship Seasons on Undergraduate Applications." Research in Higher Education 1998th ser. 39.6 (1998): 633-61. Print.
Drape, Joe. "COLLEGE FOOTBALL: A Question Of Responsibility; Injured Player's Case Could Shake Up N.C.A.A." The New York Times. The New York Times, 14 Oct. 1997. Web. 29 Apr. 2014.
"Eric LeGrand 'Believe Fund' is launched by Rutgers to benefit paralyzed player." The Star-Ledger 22 Oct. 2010, sec. Sports: n. pag. Print. http://www.nj.com/rutgersfootball/index.ssf/2010/10/eric_legrand_believe_fund_is_l.html
Moser, Austin, and Miller, John J. "Mismanaging Concussions in Intercollegiate Football." Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance 85.2 (2014): 38-40. Taylor and Francis Online. Web. 28 Apr. 2014. <http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07303084.2014.866831#.U16_z_ldWSo>.
"Mission & Goals." About NCPA. National Collegiate Players Association, n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2014. <http://www.ncpanow.org/about/mission-goals>.
Potter, Ian R., "Investigating academic motivation among NCAA division I football players within their competition and non-competition semesters." (2013). Electronic Theses & Dissertations. Paper 868. http://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/868
Rishe, Patrick James. "A Reexamination of How Athletic Success Impacts Graduation Rates: Comparing Student-Athletes to All Other Undergraduates." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 62 (): 407-427. Print.
Rivera, Angel G. "The Big Hit: NCAA Concussions Policy a Nightmare for Student-Athlete." Health Law Perspectives March (2013): n. pag.University of Houston Law Center. Web. 28 Apr. 2014. <http://www.law.uh.edu/healthlaw/perspectives/2013/Rivera_The%20Big%20Hit_NCAA%20Concussions%20Policy%20a%20Nightmare%20for%20Student-Athletes.pdf>.
Schooled: The Price of College Sports. Dir. Ross Finkel, Trevor Martin, and Jonathan Paley. Perf. Kevin Anderson, Jay Bilas, Taylor Branch. Netflix, 2013. Online Stream.
"Should Student Athletes Get Paid." Yarin, Rob. Meet the Press with David Gregory. David Gregory. NBC, New York. 23 Mar. 2014. Web. Transcript.
Sperber, Murray A.. Beer and circus: how big-time college sports is crippling undergraduate education. New York: H. Holt, 2000. Print.



LINK: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1e9IJcmuVzd44Ra710PGk0Q2Mgdld0zObioDCUZXO7EI/edit

Research Blog #9: Argument and Counter Argument

The argument is that universities need to keep players unionization efforts out of court because they don't need to lose public credibility on top of financial loss. Players will win over some of the moral requests that protect their health and livelihood moving forward.

The counter-argument is simple. These are students, not athletes.  Earning a degree is why they choose college, and it is their ultimate decision to do so.

https://star.txstate.edu/node/660

This article states,"Additionally, if universities paid college athletes, it would make the disparity between large and small university athletic teams even greater. Larger schools with more revenue such like University of Texas would essentially be able to buy out the best players for their teams, putting smaller universities at a greater disadvantage. College sports and the athletes who participate in them should not be centered on money. "

Privatization does make for equality, you argue that students should not have equality in the financial payout of their respective sports. Therefore why does the Universiity of South Alabama deserve to be on an equal playing field with the University Alabamaif it is not in either financiall or competitive terms.

I can agree on how valuable this scholarship is, but the value of mantaining the academic mission to promote graduation amongst "student- athletes" is unmatchable and the ability to do so lies within sharing revenue to imporve the game and the lives of its players.  

Research Blog #7: Your Case

I will not be using one specific case, but a general case of the  student-athletes in college sports being both mistreated or well-treated.  The two main stories are of Ken Waldrep, paralyzed while playing for TCU in 1974, and Eric Legrand, paralyzed while playing for Rutgers in 2010.  Both institutions reacted differently and thier stories contrast greatly.  I used these differences to analyze Public Relations reactions.


Eric LeGrand 'Believe Fund' is launched by Rutgers to benefit paralyzed player | NJ.com
http://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/15/sports/college-football-question-responsibility-injured-player-s-case-could-shake-up.html